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Q 02:
Ans:-
What
is sentence?
Whenever we speak or write,
we use words. A group o words, as Aslam plays hockey, which makes complete
sense, is called a sentence. Sentences are usually divided into four classes.
I.
Statement or
Assertions (Assertive):- As “There is some water in the glass” or “I like him
vey much”.
II.
Question (Interrogative):-
As “Where do you live?” or How do you do?.
III.
Command or
Request (Imperative): As “Keep quite. Or please give me a glass of water.
IV.
Those which
express strong feelings (Exclamatory):- As “How sweet are you! Or Alas! The
game is over.
Subject and Predict:- In a
sentence we have:-
(a)
Name o some
person or thing.
(b)
Say something
about hat person or thing.
The first part is called a
subject and the second, a predicate. For example in the sentence. Arshad has a
fine pen. Arshad is the subject, the rest of the sentence, (i.e. has a fine
pen), the predicate. The subject of a sentence, usually comes first (Example
(i) below), but occasionally, in the passive voice or in some proverbs, it is
put after the predicate (example (iv) below) as
(i)
Arshad reads a
book.
(ii)
A book is read by
Arshad.
(iii)
Sweets are the
fruits of labor.
(iv)
Sit down please.
SIMPLE SENTECE:-
Sentence structure,
sentence structure deals with the formation of sentences. A sentence is a
combination of different letters. When we wish to say something about an
object, we use a sentence. Therefore the sentence may be regarded as the mitt
of combination. If then we wish to learn how o write a good paragraph and a
good essay, we must first of all learn how to write a good sentence. When letters join, hey make word and when
words join, they make a sentence. The essentials of good sentence are Unity,
Emphasis and Coherence.
UNITY:- By unity we mean
that a sentence should deal with one and not with more than one main thought at
a time. This does not mean that it must not contain more than one finite but
the all parts of sentence should bear directly upon the main thought it is
intended o convey.
EMPHASIS:-All ideas in a
sentence are not of equal importance. There always arise necessity of
emphasizing some off them. This emphasis can be secured in various ways. Some
of which are much more acceptable then other.
The more important are:-
1.
By understanding
or printing in italics.
2.
By using
impersonal constructions.
3.
By placing
important words at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
4.
By the repetition
of a word or phrase.
5.
By working use of
the climax
6.
By inverting the
normal order of words.
COHERENCE:- It is a bad sentence
if it is not coherent. It means if its components are not arranged in logical
order. Lack of coherence means lack of clearness. Sentence has three parts.
There is an agent doing something and there is an action. The agent is called
actor or to be more grammatical subject and his action is called verb. As:-
Subject (S) + Verb (V) +
Object (O)
The teacher seams happy.
They wrote a letter.
We again come to
definition of sentence.
Now we have understood
that a group of words expressing a complete thought is a sentence. If a group
of words does not express a complete thought, it is a fragment, or piece of sentence,
no sentence.
Sentence: Aslam’s dress is
beautiful
Fragment: Aslam’s dress
is…………….
Fragments often seem to
say something but they do not finish the statements they begin. They leave a
question in our minds e.g. the sweet dish is …………..
PARTS OF SENTECE:- A
sentence consists of two pars.
(i)
The Subject (ii) The predicate.
The subject of a sentences
is that part about which something is said. The subject in most sentence is a
noun or pronoun. To find he subject of a sentence, ask, (a) who or what is
doing the action (b) if there is no action then ask, who or what is being
talked about.
SIMPLE SUBJECT:- The
simple subject of sentence is a person o thing doing are being talked about.
Sometimes other words describe or modify it. He simple subject plus all the
other words related directly to it make up the complete subject. For example:-
Some naughty children were laughing.
THE PREDICATE:- The predicate
of a sentence is the verb and the related verbs / words that ell something
about the subject. I can be a single word or it can be helped by auxiliary
verbs. The main verb and its auxiliaries are called the complete verb or the verb
phrase. They are the simple predicate. The simple predicate is often modified
or accompanied with other words. The simple predicate plus all the other words
that go with it make complete predicate: for example:-
= She has broken the
window.
= What did the subject do?
The subject broke the
window. So broken is the main verb and has is its auxiliary verb.
Has broken------------- (simple predicate)
Has broken the window ------------ (Complete
predicate)
While writing, one can add
many modifiers to help, describing or identify the simple subject and the
simple predicate. This makes the writing more interesting and specific e.g.
I)
Butterflies
float. II) Big colorful
butterflies float through.
SENTENCE PATTERN:- All
English sentences are created in accordance with a small number of basic
patterns.
PATTERN 1 (SV) Subject +
Verb
PATTERN 2 (SVO) Subject +
Verb + Object
PATTERN 3 (SVIO) Subject +
Verb + Indirect Verb
PATTERN 4 (SVN) Subject +
Verb + Noun
PATTERN 5 (SVA) Subject +
Verb + Predicate Adverb
PATTERN 6 (SVOC) Subject +
Verb + Direct Object + Objective Complement.
Sentences are generally classified
in two ways one by type and one by the number of formal predications.
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE
BY TYPES
Declarative Sentences = Statements.
Integrative Sentences = Questions.
Imperative sentences = Commands, Request
Exclamatory Sentences = Exclamations.
CLASSIFICATIONN OF
SENTENCE BY PREDICTIONS:-
Simple, Compound, Complex,
Compound Complex.
SIMPLE SENTENCES:- A
simple sentence contains one independent clause. It’s thought is complete. A
dependents clause needs other words to complete its meanings. It is not a
sentence. It is a fragment. Thus a dependent clause can never be used as a
simple sentence. For example, this book is easy (Independent Clause), since
this book is easy (Dependent Clause). Both a sentence and a clause must have
subject and a predicate. A simple sentence has one subject and one verb, either
or both of which may be compound. If sentence can be divided into two or more
independent sentences it is a compound sentence and the independent sentences
are termed as simple sentences. For Example:-
1.
Gold is precious
metal (Simple)
2.
Gold and Silver
are precious metals (simple Sentences – Comp Subject)
3.
Gold is used in
Jewelry and also goes into radio parts (simple Sentence – Compound Predicate)
4.
Gold and silver
are expensive and will become more expensive in the future. (Simple sentence –
Compound subject, compound predicate)
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