AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT # 4 CODE 519 SPRING 2016
The aiou solved assignment 4 for b.ed course code 519 for
the semester spring 2016 is ready for you students please find here your solved
assignment.
Question No. 1: Differentiate between the time and tense.
Explain difference forms of tenses and their usage.
Answer: Time and tense: Tenses are the basic structure for a
language. We cannot understand any language completely without knowing the
basic principles of grammar.
1.
Definition: Pronouns.
There are three persons (First person,
Second person and third person)
Person Singular
Plural
1st person I
We
2nd person You,
they You, they
3rd person He,
she, it They, their
(All other pronouns except I, we, you)
Negative sentences: Opposite of positive or
affirmative including no or not.
Affirmative sentences.
A sentence (positive) in which the sense of yes is
conveyed.
Interrogative sentence:
A sentence in which a question is asked. It needs a
question
Time and Tense:
The notion of time, present time and past time is
universal and is independent of language. Tense on other hand is linguistic
device — a verb form or series of verb forms used to express time relation. We
can classify the three times as three tenses although there is a clear
distinction between tense and time, which will be, elucidated all the proper place.
1. Present tense 2. Past tense. 3.
Future tense.
The twelve forms of tenses are listed here: -
1.
Present tense: - Present
tense has the following categories: -
• In this tense first form of
the verb is used with addition of 's' or 'es' with 3'd person singular. For
describing a habitual, permanent or repeated action e.g. I live in a big town
(habitual). He always sleeps with his windows open (addition of’s’ with sleep).
General, universal or true statements or proverbs; the earth revolves around the
sun (true statement). Most of us probably too much meat (general).
• For describing an event which
depends on a fixed timetable to express a future action e.g. the next train
leaves at 10.00 am (fix time, future action).
• Describing a demonstration
giving the summary of a story of or events in a play. For example: First I fill
the beaker with acid. Then I add the crystals. I heat the beaker and it turns
yellow demonstration).
·
In subordinate causes of
time (when you see Hammad tomorrow, remember me to him).
·
In exclamatory sentences.
Here comes the great hero of the war! There goes the ball in the basket.
Present Continuous tense:
This tense is formed by using
the first form of the verb to be a past participial (write +ing) e.g. I am
writing. For an action which began in the past and will terminate in the future
but which at the moment of speaking is in compete and is still counting e.g.
what are you doing? The moon is shining. To express the futurity especially
with verbs of movement like go, come, leave etc e.g. we are going to Lahore on
Sunday. We are leaving by air.
Present Perfect tense:
-Present perfect tense is named
by using the present tense of the verb to have had and past participial of the
verb which is commonly called the 3r° form of the verb. It is used;
·
For an action just
concluded when the resulting stage is still present e.g. I have lost my book, I
am unable to read any topic have lost the book concluded action and unable to
read the topic, resulting state still present.
·
To devote an action which
took place at an unspecified time before now, in this case we are usually more
interested in the result of the rather than the action itself e.g. somebody has
drunk all my soup or who has eaten the mangoes?
·
For duration of an action began
in the past and continuing in the present) and possibly in the future) e.g. I
have not visited him for ten year. I have taught this class for ten years.
·
When the time of action is
indefinite e.g. I have seen this film before. He has tested the fruit of
success many a time.
·
Perfect tense is used in
phrase, which almost always have since, in them e.g. He has been here since
1955.
·
It is used with 'already'
e.g. I have already explained. VII. It is used with adverbs of frequency e.g.
often, never always etc e.g. He has often / never/ always done this. Have you
ever heard of such a thing.
Present perfect Continuous:
This tense devotes an
unspecified time in the period before now, and now. It is usually relates to
something which began but did not necessarily finish the period between before
now and now. In particular we are interested in the process of action. I have
been living in this house for two years. I have been working here since
morning. This tense and other perfect continuous tenses are usually associated
with since or for; for is used when the duration of the time is measured i.e.
we can state the exact period spent, e.g. He has been living here for ten year.
Since is used when a starting point in time is green. He has been living in Pakistan
since 1947.
Past tense (past indefinite
tense) or simple past:-
This tense is used for a time
before now, earlier than nor. It describes something, which began, and ended
before the present i.e. it describes a complete action. For example; I went to
the Zoo last Sunday. The French Revolution block out in 1789. I was born in a
small town.
Past continuous tense:
This tense describes something
which began in the past but which had not finished the time of speaking i.e. it
describes an unfinished action. He has waiting for a hot cup of tea. As I was
looking at the picture, the thief stole my purse.
Past Perfect Tense:
This tense is used to speak of
an action concluded before a certain time in the past or before the occurrence
of another article. It is formed by had + a past participle e.g. Ali learned
French before came to France. When I arrived at the station, the train had
already left. To express duration up to a certain time limit in the past. For
example; By the time Ahmed passed the examination, he had studied in the class
for five years. In direct speech to express an idea that in direct speech had
been in the past or present perfect tense. Direct: - He said, " I have
written her a letter." Indirect: - He told that he had written her a
letter.
Past perfect continuous tense:
This tense is formed by had
been + present participle:-
• To express the duration of some action up to
a certain time in the past. For example, When I reached the meeting hall, the
speaker had already been speaking for half an hour.
• For the use of past perfect
continuous in reported speech.
Direct: - I SAID, " What
were your doing this morning?
Indirect: - I asked her what
she had been doing that morning?
Future Tense: -
Future Indefinite The simple
form of the future tense is the normal usage of shall for the first person
singular and plural and will, for all other persons. Example: We shall see who
is ill. I shall be 30 years on 11th, August. They will not be able to come
tomorrow. Will she first person will is used to express willingness promise or
determination. Shall': - Conversely, shall clevises determination, promise,
permission, prohibition, threat etc with the second and third person. For
example; You shall have the money as soon as I get it (Promise). He shall have
every thing he needs (permission). He shall not come here again (threat,
prohibition). this school shall be the best in future (determination).
Future Continuous tense:-
The future continuous tense is used to express
' future activity beginning before and finishing after some given time in the
future. For example; what will you be doing this time tomorrow? It is also used
to indicate future plans that have already this year.
• To devote an action this may
be going on now and this year. We think of it continuing in the future. I
wonder if it will still raining in the after noon.
• It is also used when we
project our self a future time and see a some thing happening . For example, I
will be seeing Aslam in this evening.
Future perfect tense: -
• This tense is formed by the
future tense of have+a past participle. It indicates a complete period of time
in the future later than now. For example: by the time you receive this letter,
I will have left Pakistan.
• I is now 8..00 PM. I shall
have finished my work by 10.00 pm.
• This tense indicates duration
up to a time in the future. E.g. when I leave the colleague next month, I shall
have taught this class for ten years.
• To denote a possibility or
presumption. For example, it is 6.00 p.m., they will have arrived home by now.
Future perfect continuous tense:-
This tense is formed by the
future tense of have + been + a present participle and is used to express the
duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. This tense is often
not needed. It is only the tense system, which shows us to say something. For
example: It is 6'O clock, I am reading the novel, war and peace. At 8'0 clock I
will have been reading it for two hours.
Conditional tenses:-
Conditional tenses are used to
show one action or event depends on another. Conditional clauses are of two
kinds distinguished by the form and meaning of the principal clause. There are
two basic types of conditional tenses, one which has one open condition and in
the other the condition is hypothetical (supposition). In both the conditional
sentences can be made with 'if'. They may be called, if sentences. These if
sentences can be used in the present tense, past tense and in the past perfect
tense. In 'if' clause the future tense cannot be used, even if the meaning is
in the future.
A. 'if' clause: Present tense
in the if clause.
1. If you are right I am wrong
(present).
2. If you help me I will help
you (Future).
3. If I get this right I shall
have answered all the questions correctly (Future perfect)
B. Past tense in 'if' clause.
1. If I said, I apologize
(present).
2. If I said that, I was
mistake (past)
3. I made a mistake; I will try
to remedy it (future).
C. Present perfect tense in
'if' clause.
1. If I have made a mistake, I
will try to remedy it (future).
2. If you have done your work,
you may go to the cinema (present)
Hypothetical conditions:-
Hypothetical sentences are
these which may be contrary to fact of just something thought to be factoring
something which is considered impossible. In' such hypothetical condition the
simple past tense is used in the 'if' clause, and would or should + the infinitive
are used in the main clause e.g. If Khaliq were here he would know the answer.
If I had the money I would by a new car. If wishes were horses, beggars would
ride. Something of this kind may refer to the present time, time or future time
as explained here
Present time: -
If I had the money, I should by
a new car, if I needed a haircut, I would go to the barbar. In these sentences
had, needed are in the past tense but these sentences express a present
condition. They mean 'if' had the money now.
Past time: If Ahsan had worked
hard (in the past) he would have passed. If I had the money (some year ago) I
would have bought a bigger house.
Future time: -If you went there
you would see what I mean. If our train were to arrive punctually, we should
have time to attend the funeral. If Hamid worked hard next term he would pass
the examination. Use of, used to, and would, in the past continuous tense. When
went to emphasizes or draw attention to any activity in the past which no
longer happens. We usually use the pattern used to + main verb e.g.
When Fayyaz was young he used
to go the football match every day. I used to go to school n a city of Vehari
when I was young. Two things should be remembered in the use of used to: -
(i)
It is never used in the
present tense as there is no form, used to
(ii)
(ii) Used to is use with an
expression of an indefinite period of time, use can say, I used to go to school
in Vehari when I was a boy. But we say, I went to school in Vehari for eight
years.
To attend to, used to, us,
would, which is mainly used in stories. Foe example: -Every Saturday evening
father would take out his old Piaher and start to play old songs. We had to
listen politely and pretend to enjoy his playing. Mother used to look us
severely if we laughed or made noise. Sometimes father would go on for hours.
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